Belajar Bersama

Bab 1 SMA/MA Kelas X Tentang 2DIMENSI&3DIMENSI (SENI BUDAYA)

<p><h2 style="background-color: #fafafa; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Cantarell; font-size: 25.2px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">SENI RUPA 2 DIMENSI DAN 3 DIMENSI</span></h2>
<b style="background-color: #fafafa; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Cantarell; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">SENI RUPA 2 DIMENSI</span></b><br />
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Seni rupa dua dimensi adalah suatu karya seni rupa yang memiliki dua sisi saja, yaitu sisi panjang dan lebar, sehingga tidak mempunyai ruang karena tidak mempunyai unsur ketebalan.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Contoh :<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Lukisan</span></div>
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2. Seni Grafis<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />   Adalah cabang seni rupa yang berbentuk 2 Dimensi yang proses pembuatan karyanya dengan menggunakan teknik cetak</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2e4guQqCMtP67fLuzV4wTlNR5KEBdrOVj2094vlv94NUoQGJNMkTL6tg0yLHSulCRMHoFDTG3VCOCqFYCR0Oiw7BEsGeQo9enExv4iKjw3316FbWyO8uRr_Im0AxL4V0S7hBl3g8DTtw/s1600/grafis-cetak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #0099cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2e4guQqCMtP67fLuzV4wTlNR5KEBdrOVj2094vlv94NUoQGJNMkTL6tg0yLHSulCRMHoFDTG3VCOCqFYCR0Oiw7BEsGeQo9enExv4iKjw3316FbWyO8uRr_Im0AxL4V0S7hBl3g8DTtw/s400/grafis-cetak.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik – teknik dalam seni rupa 2 dimensi</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><ol style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0em 0.5em 3em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Plakat yaitu melukis dengan menggunakan cat poster, cat minyak cat akrelik, dengan goresan yang tebal, sehingga menghasilkan warna pekat dan padat.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Transparan yaitu teknik menggambar / melukis dengan menggunakan cat air, dengan sapuan warna yang tipis sehingga hasilnya nampak transparan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Kolase yaitu melukis dengan memotong kertas yang kemudian ditempel sehingga membentuk lukisan yang realis atau abstrak.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik 3M (melipat, menggunting, dan merekat) adalah merupakan proses manipulasi lembaran kertas menjadi suatu bentuk tiga dimensi.</li>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Unsur – unsur Seni rupa 2 dimensi</b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Titik /Bintik</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Titik/bintik merupakan unsur dasar seni rupa yang terkecil. Semua wujud dihasilkan mulai dari titik. Titik dapat pula menjadi pusat perhatian, bila berkumpul atau berwarna beda.Titik yang membesar biasa disebut bintik.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Garis</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Garis adalah goresan atau batas limit dari suatu benda, ruang, bidang, warna, texture, dan lainnya. Garis mempunyai dimensi memanjang dan mempunyai arah tertentu, garis mempunyai berbagai sifat, seperti pendek, panjang, lurus, tipis, vertikal, horizontal, melengkung, berombak, halus, tebal, miring, patah-patah, dan masih banyak lagi sifat-sifat yang lain. Kesan lain dari garis ialah dapat memberikan kesan gerak, ide, simbol, dan kode-kode tertentu, dan lain sebagainya. Pemanfaatan garis dalam desain diterapkan guna mencapai kesan tertentu, seperti untuk menciptakan kesan kekar, kuat simpel, megah ataupun juga agung. Beberapa <a href="http://anime230798.blogspot.co.id/2014/09/pengertian-seni-rupa-2-dimensi-dan-3.html#" style="border: 0px; color: #0099cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;">contoh</a> symbol ekspresi garis serta kesan yang ditimbulkannya, dan tentu saja dalam penerapannya nanti disesuaikan dengan warna-warnanya<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Bidang</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Bidang dalam seni rupa merupakan salah satu unsur seni rupa yang terbentuk dari hubungan beberapa garis. Bidang memiliki dimensi panjang dan lebar, sedangkan bentuk memiliki dimensi panjang, lebar, dan tinggi. Atau dengan kata lain bidang bersifat pipih, sedangkan bentuk memiliki isi atau volume. Dari bentuknya bidang maupun bentuk terdiri dari beberapa macam, yakni; bidang geometris, bidang biomorfis (organis), bidang bersudut, dan bidang tak beraturan. Bidang dapat terbentuk karena kedua ujung garis yang bertemu, atau dapat pula terjadi karena sapuan warna. Bidang dibatasi kontur dan merupakan 2 dimensi, menyatakan permukaan, dan memiliki ukuran Bidang dasar dalam seni rupa antara lain, bidang segitiga, segiempat, trapesium, lingkaran, oval, dan segi banyak lainnya.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">d. Bentuk</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Bentuk dalam pengertian bahasa, dapat berarti bangun (shape) atau bentuk plastis (form). Bangun (shape) ialah bentuk benda yang polos, seperti yang terlihat oleh mata, sekedar untuk menyebut sifatnya yang bulat, persegi, ornamental, tak teratur dan sebagainya. Sedang bentuk plastis ialah bentuk benda yang terlihat dan terasa karena adanya unsur nilai (value) dari benda tersebut, contohnya lemari. Lemari hadir di dalam suatu ruangan bukan hanya sekedar kotak persegi empat, akan tetapi mempunyai nilai dan peran yang lainnya.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />e. Tekstur</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Tekstur merupakan sifat permukaan sebuah benda. Sifat permukaan dapat berkesan halus, kasar, kusam, mengkilap, licin, berpori dan sebagainya. Kesan-kesan tersebut dapat dirasakan melalui penglihatan dan rabaan. Oleh karena itu terdapat dua jenis tekstur, yaitu tekstur nyata,yaitu sifat permukaan yang menunjukkan kesan sebenarnya antara penglihatan mata dan rabaan, dan tekstur semu (maya), yaitu kesan permukaan benda yang antara penglihatan dan rabaan dapat berbeda kesannya.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />f. Warna</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Teori warna berdasarkan cahaya dapat dilihat melalui tujuh spectrum warna dalam ilmu Fisika seperti halnya warna pelangi. Secara teori warna dapat dipelajari melalui dua pendekatan salah satunya adalah teori warna berdasarkan pigmen warna (Goethe) yakni butiran halus pada warna. Beberapa istilah yang perlu diketahui dalam teori warna pigmen diantaranya; <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><ul style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Warna Primer, yakni warna dasar atau warna pokok yang tidak dapat diperoleh dari campuran warna lain. Warna primer terdiri dari merah, kuning, dan biru, </li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Warna Sekunder, yaitu warna yang diperoleh dari campuran kedua warna primer, misalnya warna ungu, oranye (jingga) , dan hijau, </li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Warna Tersier, yakni warna yang merupakan hasil percampuran kedua warna sekunder, </li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Warna analogus, yaitu deretan warna yang letaknya berdampingan dalam lingkaran warna, misalnya deretan dari warna ungu menuju warna merah, deretan warna hijau menuju warna kuning, dan lain-lain, </li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Warna komplementer, yakni warna kontras yang letaknya berseberangan dalam lingkaran warna, misalnya, kuning dengan ungu, merah dengan hijau, dan lain-lain. </li>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />g. Gelap Terang<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Dalam karya seni rupa dua dimensi gelap terang dapat berfungsi untuk beberapa hal, antara lain: menggambarkan benda menjadi berkesan tiga dimensi, menyatakan kesan ruang atau kedalaman, dan memberi perbedaan (kontras). Gelap terang dalam karya seni rupa dapat terjadi karena intensitas (daya pancar) warna, dapat pula terjadi karena percampuran warna hitam dan putih.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />h. Ruang (kedalaman)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Ruang dalam karya tiga dimensi dapat dirasakan langsung oleh pengamat seperti halnya ruangan dalam rumah, ruang kelas, dan sebaginya. Dalam karya dua dimensi ruang dapat mengacu pada luas bidang gambar. Unsur ruang atau kedalaman pada karya dua dimensi bersifat semu (maya) karena diperoleh melalui kesan penggambaran yang pipih, datar, menjorok, cembung, jauh dekat dan sebagainya. <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Contoh tokoh Seni rupa 2 dimensi</b></div>
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1. Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0b6W8bvvwO9bvyXE4zCdZBoduWssy9Pbc8hMC_Gx6cg2O_xkELFx_Tn38BMvssrJo6x5r_COrQW7XoR2nZHD0XQfiUwjdZQjYCEZvXbBKh7XwOgZxfMcaVVCki53jPq2x3L8fjYxTmgk/s1600/rs02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #0099cc; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0b6W8bvvwO9bvyXE4zCdZBoduWssy9Pbc8hMC_Gx6cg2O_xkELFx_Tn38BMvssrJo6x5r_COrQW7XoR2nZHD0XQfiUwjdZQjYCEZvXbBKh7XwOgZxfMcaVVCki53jPq2x3L8fjYxTmgk/s400/rs02.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="313" /></a><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Raden Saleh lahir di Semarang tahun 1807 – meninggal di Bogor pada tahun 1880. Raden Saleh dilahirkan dalam sebuah keluarga Jawa ningrat. Dia adalah cucu dari Sayyid Abdoellah Boestaman dari sisi ibunya. Ayahnya adalah Sayyid Hoesen bin Alwi bin Awal bin Jahja, seorang keturunan Arab.Ibunya bernama Mas Adjeng Zarip Hoesen, tinggal di daerah Terboyo, dekat Semarang. Sejak usia 10 tahun, ia diserahkan pamannya, Bupati Semarang, kepada orang-orang Belanda atasannya di Batavia. Kegemaran menggambar mulai menonjol sewaktu bersekolah di sekolah rakyat (Volks-School).<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Keramahannya bergaul memudahkannya masuk ke lingkungan orang Belanda dan lembaga-lembaga elite Hindia-Belanda. Seorang kenalannya, Prof. Caspar Reinwardt, pendiri Kebun Raya Bogor sekaligus Direktur Pertanian, Kesenian, dan Ilmu Pengetahuan untuk Jawa dan pulau sekitarnya, menilainya pantas mendapat ikatan dinas di departemennya. Kebetulan di instansi itu ada pelukis keturunan Belgia, A.A.J. Payen yang didatangkan dari Belanda untuk membuat lukisan pemandangan di Pulau Jawa untuk hiasan kantor Departemen van Kolonieen di Belanda. Payen tertarik pada bakat Raden Saleh dan berinisiatif memberikan bimbingan.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Payen memang tidak menonjol di kalangan ahli seni lukis di Belanda, namun mantan mahaguru Akademi Senirupa di Doornik, Belanda, ini cukup membantu Raden Saleh mendalami seni lukis Barat dan belajar teknik pembuatannya, misalnya melukis dengan cat minyak. Payen juga mengajak pemuda Saleh dalam perjalanan dinas keliling Jawa mencari model pemandangan untuk lukisan. Ia pun menugaskan Raden Saleh menggambar tipe-tipe orang Indonesia di daerah yang disinggahi.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Contoh lukisan Raden Saleh :</div>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />2.Vincent van Gogh</div>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 Maret 1853 – 29 Juli 1890) adalah pelukis pasca-impresionis Belanda. Lukisan-lukisan dan gambar-gambarnya termasuk karya seni yang terbaik, paling terkenal, dan paling mahal di dunia. Van Gogh dianggap sebagai salah satu pelukis terbesar dalam sejarah seni Eropa. Ia merupakan sulung dari 6 bersaudara, putra pendeta protestan di Groot Zundert, lukisannya beraliran posimpressionisme yang mewakili era spontanitas emosional dalam seni lukis. Vincent adalah orang yang muram, gelisah, dan temperamental, namun pengetahuannya sangat luas. Hal ini dapat dilihat di 700 surat yang dikirimkannya pada saudara yang paling dikasihinya, Theo, yang juga bertugas sebagai manajernya. Surat-surat ini kemudian diterbitkan sebagai catatan kehidupan Van Gogh pada 1911. <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Contoh Lukisan Van Gogh</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">SENI RUPA 3 DIMENSI</b></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Karya Seni Rupa 3 Dimensi</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Karya seni rupa yang memiliki dimensi panjang, lebar dan tinggi, atau karya yang memiliki volume dan menempati ruang.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Contoh : seni patung, seni kriya, seni keramik, seni arsitektur dan berbagai desain produk.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik – teknik Seni Rupa 3 Dimensi</b></div>
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<ol style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0em 0.5em 3em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Aplikasi yaitu karya hias dalam seni jahit-menjahit dengan menempelkan (menjahitkan) guntingan-guntingan kain yang dibentuk seperti bunga, buah, binatang, dsb pada kain lain sebagai hiasan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Mozaik yaitu dengan menempel benda-benda tiga demensi yang ditata sedemikian rupa sehingga menghasilkan lukisan.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Menganyam adalah seni kerajinan yang dikerjakan dengan cara mengangkat dan menumpangtindihkan atau menyilang-nyilangkan bahan sehingga menjadi suatu karya anyaman.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Merakit adalah membuat karya dengan cara menyambung-nyambung beberapa bagian atau potongan bahan. Caranya disebut merakit, hasilnya disebut rakitan. Potongan bahan disambungkan dengan cara dilas, dipatri, disekrup atau dengan cara yang lain.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Makrame adalah sebuah bentuk seni kerajinan simpul-menyimpul dengan menggarap rantaian benang awal dan akhir suatu hasil tenunan, dengan membuat berbagai simpul pada rantai benang tersebut sehingga terbentuk aneka rumbai dan jumbai.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Menuang (cor) yaitu proses menuang menggunakan bahan cair yang dituangkan pada alat acuan yang berbentuk cetakan.Setelah menjadi keras dikeluarkan dari acuan/cetakan.Bahan cair ini dibuat dari semen, plastic, karet, gips, dan logam (tembaga, besi).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Butsir adalah teknik yang hanya menggunakan alat telapak tangan dan alat lain (kayu, kawat) sederhana. Bahan yang digunakan lunak, elastis, lentur antara lain tanah liat, plastisi.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Pahat yaitu membentuk dengan jalan membuang bahan yang tidak dipergunakan dengan cara memahat. Cara pembuatannya dengan menggunakan alat pahat (tatah) atau ukir dan martil. Bahan (media) yang digunakan adalah bahan keras seperti batu, cadas, kayu, gips, tanah liat kering.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Menjahit adalah cara melekatkan (menyambung, mengelem, dsb) dengan jarum dan benang.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teknik Membangun yaitu kegiatan yang mencakup aktivitas menyusun berbagai komponen untuk dijadikan benda trimatra (tiga dimensi).</li>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Contoh Tokoh Seni Rupa 3 dimensi</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />1. Edhi Sunarso</div>
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dilahirkan di Salatiga, pada tanggal 2 Juli 1932. Pematung yang satu ini terkenal dengan karya-karyanya yang dapat dijumpai di berbagai kota di Indonesia.Edhi Sunarso adalah pematung beberapa monumen dan diorama sejarah. Diantaranya adalah patung Monumen selamat datang di Bundaran Hotel Indonesia dan Diorama Sejarah Monumen Nasional di Jakarta. Edhi Sunarso mendapat penghargaan dari pemerintah dengan dianugerahi Tanda Kehormatan Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma atas karya-karyanya.Selain itu, Edhi Sunarso juga berkiprah di dunia Pendidikan. Sejak 1958 - 1959 ia sudah aktif sebagai staf pengajar pada Akademi Kesenian Surakarta. Ia mengajar pada (STSRI) Sekolah Tinggi Seni Rupa Indonesia ASRI Yogyakarta sebagai ketua jurusan Seni Patung. Pada 1967-1981 sebagai tenaga pengajar di (IKIP) Institut Kejuruan Ilmu Pendidikan Negeri Yogyakarta, pada tahun 1968-1984 sebagai pengajar merangkap asisten Ketua Bidang Akademik STSRI/ ISI Yogyakarta, dan sebagai pengajar pada (ISI) Institut Seni Indonesia dan sebagai Sekretaris Senat.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Contoh Karya Edhi sunarsono :<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglL10McT2qE5eEqZzo4XG48kuWKOUuYn3ulf40GqBtkW04rx3kFKRbawQ38bL8YjDcOawMkyjHNbAonBKtpD5b5AK9zdsyGfwUqTMMjuwiPJ-C2kttHMaFPRBaiPy1EUPNReJByaVnjtE/s1600/Patung_Pembebasan_Irian_Barat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #006c8e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.5s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglL10McT2qE5eEqZzo4XG48kuWKOUuYn3ulf40GqBtkW04rx3kFKRbawQ38bL8YjDcOawMkyjHNbAonBKtpD5b5AK9zdsyGfwUqTMMjuwiPJ-C2kttHMaFPRBaiPy1EUPNReJByaVnjtE/s400/Patung_Pembebasan_Irian_Barat.jpg" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
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Bab 1 SMA/MA Kelas X Tentang GEOGRAFI (GEOGRAFI)

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<a href="http://www.artikelsiana.com/2015/08/pengertian-geografi-para-ahli.html" style="color: #444444; display: block; text-decoration: none;">Pengertian Geografi, Konsep, Pendekatan, Aspek, Objek & Prinsip</a></h1>
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<b>Pengertian Geografi, Konsep, Pendekatan, Aspek, Objek & Prinsip| Secara Umum, Pengertian Geografi </b>adalah ilmu yang mempelajari mengenai lokasi serta persamaan, dan perbedaan (variasi) keruangan atas fenomena fisik, dan manusia di atas permukaan bumi. Istilah Geografi berasal dari bahasa Yunani dari kata <i>geo </i>yang berarti bumi dan <i>graphein </i>yang berarti tulisan atau menjelaskan. Jadi jika kedua kata tersebut dihubungkan maka akan terbentuk kata<i>geography </i>yang berarti sebagai ilmu bumi atau ilmu yang mempelajari tentang bumi. </div>
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<b>Pengertian Geografi Menurut Definisi Para Ahli</b></h3>
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<b>Pengertian Geografi Menurut Definisi Para Ahli - </b>Selain pengertian geografi diatas, terdapat para ahli geografi yang mengemukakan pendapatnya mengenai definisi pengertian geografi. Macam-macam pengertian geografi menurut para ahli adalah sebagai berikut.... </div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Erastothenes (Abad Ke-1): </b>Menurutnya pengertian gegorafi adalah penulisan atau penggambaran mengenai bentuk muka bumi </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Claudius Ptolomaeus: </b>Menurut definisi Claudius Ptolomaeus mengenai pengertian geografi adalah suatu penyajian melalui peta dari sebagian dan seluruh permukaan bumi<b> </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Paul Vidal de La Blance: </b>Menurut Paul Vidal de La Blance yang menyatakan bahwa pengertian geografi adalah studi tentang kualitas negara-negara, dimana penentuan suatu kehidupan tergantung bagaimana manusia mengelola alam ini. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ullman (1954): </b>Menurutnya, geografi adalah interaksi antar ruang <b> </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Von Rithoffen: </b>Menurut Von Rithoffen, pengertian geografi adalah studi tentang gejala, dan sifat-sifat permukaan bumi serta penduduknya yang disusun berdasarkan letaknya, dan mencoba menjelaskan hubungan timbal balik antara gejala-gejala, dan sifat tersebut. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Strabo (1970): </b>Menurut Stabo yang mendefinisikan bahwa geografi erat kaitannya dengan faktor lokasi, karakteristik tertentu dan hubungan antar wilayah secara keseluruhan. Pendapat ini kemudian disebut dengan Natural Atribut of Place. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ekblaw dan Mulkerne: </b>Menurut Ekblaw dan Mulkerne, pengertian geografi adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari bumi, dan kehidupannya, memengaruhi pandangan hidup kita, makanan yang kita konsumsi, pakaian yang kita gunakan, rumah yang kita huni, dan tempat rekreasi yang kita amati. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Prof. Bintarto (1981): </b>Menurut Prof Bintarto mengenai pengertian geografi bahwa geografi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari kausal gejala-gejala di permukaan bumi, baik yang bersifat fisik maupun yang menyangkut kehidupan makhluk hidup beserta permasalahannya melalui pendekatan keruangan, lingkungan, dan regional untuk kepentingan program, proses, dan keberhasilan pembangunan. <b> </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Haris (2012): </b>Menurut Haris, pengertian geografi adalah suatu ilmu yang mengkaji segala aspek-aspek yang ada di permukaan bumi dengan konsep spesial untuk pemanfaatan pembangunan yang ada di permukaan. <b> </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Hasil Seminar dan Lokakarya di Semarang (1988): </b>Geografi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari persamaan, dan perbedaan fenomena geosfer dengan sudut pandang kewilayahan, dan kelingkungan dalam koteks keruangan. <b> </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Basri Mustofa: </b>Pengertian geografi menurut Basri Mustofa adalah ilmu yang menguraikan tentang permukaan bumi, iklim, penduduk, flora, fauna, serta basil-basil yang diperoleh dari bumi. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Menurut Harstone: </b>Pengertian geografi menurut definisi Harstone adalah sebuah ilmu yang menampilkan realitas deferensiasi muka bumi seperti apa adanya, tidak hanya arti perbedaan-perbedaan dalam hal tertentu, tetapi juga dalam arti kombinasi keseluruhan fenomena disetiap tempat, ang berbeda dari keadaannya di tempat lain. <b> </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Menurut Lobeck: </b>Pengertian geografi menurut definisi Lobeck bahwa geografi adalah suatu studi tentang hubungan-hubungan yang ada antara kehidupan dengan lingkungan fisiknya <b> </b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Menurut Jhon Alexander: </b>Pengertian geografi menurut Jhon Alexander bahwa geografi adalah disiplin ilmu yang menganalisis variasi kekuarnagan dalam variabel kawasan-kawasan hubungan antar variabel-variabel. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Preston E. James: </b>Menurutnya geografi dapat diungkapkan sebagai induk dari segala ilmu pengetahuan karena bidang ilmu pengetahuan selalu mulai dari keadaan muka bumi untuk beralih pada studi masing-masing. </li>
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<b>Konsep Geografi</b></h3>
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<b>Konsep-Konsep Geografi - </b>Konsep  geografi adalah sekelompok fenomena/gejala-gejala yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan berbagai gejala atau fenomena yang sama. Konsep-konsep geografi terdiri dari 10 konsep antara lain sebagai berikut... </div>
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<b>a. Konsep Lokasi</b>, adalah konsep utama yang digunakan untuk mengenai fenomena geosfer. Konsep lokasi dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu sebagai berikut.. </div>
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<li>Lokasi absolut adalah lokasi absolut adalah konsep lokasi dengna letak lintang, dan bujur bersifat tetap. Contohnya Indonesia terletak di 6 LU-11 LS, dan di antara 95 BT-141 BT. </li>
<li>Lokasi relatif adalah lokasi yang tergantung dari pengaruh daerah sekitarnya, dan sifatnya berubah. Contoh lokasi relatif adlaah letak indonesia antara Benua Asia dan Australia. </li>
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<b>b. Konsep Jarak, </b>adalah konsep yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan antara dua lokasi atau dua objek yang dihitung dengan hitungan panjang maupun waktu. Konsep yang berperan dalam kehidupan sosial, ekonomi dan politik. Konsep jarak dibagi menjadi dua antara lain sebagai berikut..</div>
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<li>Jarak Mutlak adalah ruang atau sela antara dua lokasi yang menggambarkan panjang dalam satuan ukuran meter, kilometer dsb. Jarak mutlak merupakan jarak yang tetap dan tidak dapat berubah-ubah. Contohnya adalah antara jakarta ke bandung adalah 150 km. Jarak yang diukur memanjang dari titik A (Jakarta) dan titik B (Bandung) dan dihitung dengan satuan ukuran kilometer. </li>
<li>Jarak Relatif adalah ruang atau sela antara dua lokasi dalam lamanya perjalanan atau waktu. Contoh jarak relatif adalah jarak antara jakarta ke bandung yang ditempuh dengan jangka waktu 2 jam melewati Tol Purbaleunyi. Dimana jarak relatif berbeda jika jalan tol sedang macet atua perjalanan ke Bandung tidak melewati jalan tol</li>
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<b>c. Konsep Keterjangkauan, </b>adalah sulit atau mudahnya suatu lokasi untuk dijangkau yang dipengaruhi oleh lokasi, jarak, dan kondisi tempat. Contoh konsep keterjangkauan adalah sebagai berikut.<br /><ul>
<li>Surabaya-jakarta dapat ditempuh dengan bus atau pesawat</li>
<li>Kepulauan seribu hanya dapat ditempuh dengan kapal dari pelabuhan muara angke</li>
<li>Harga lahan di persimpangan lebih mala dari yang ada di dalam gang. </li>
<li>Negara china dapat ditempuh dengan kapal laut atau dengan pesawat</li>
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<b>d. Konsep Pola </b>adalah bentuk, struktur, dan persebaran fenomena atau kejadian di permukaan bumi baik gejala alam maupun dengan gejala sosial. Contoh konsep pola adalah sebagai berikut...<br /><ul>
<li>Pola permukiman penduduk yang memanjang mengikuti jalan raya atau sungai. </li>
<li>Pemukiman di kota besar misalnya jaakrta dibangun berhimpitan</li>
<li>Aliran air sungai yang berbentuk sudut siku-siku adalah aliran sungai rectangular</li>
<li>Pemukiman memanjang di sepanjang di jalan raya pantura jawa</li>
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<b>e. Konsep Geomorfologi/Morfologi </b>adalah ilmu yang mempelajari mengenai bentuk permukaan bumi. Konsep morfologi merupakan konsep mengenai struktur luar batu-batuan yang menyusun bentuk morfologi permukaan bumi (pantai, lembah, dataran rendah, pegunungan dan dataran tinggi dsb. Contoh konsep morfologi/konsep geomorfologi adalah sebagai berikut..<br /><ul>
<li>Daerah selatan DI Yogyakarta adalah daerah perbukitan dengan kapur (karst) </li>
<li>Jakarta merupakan dataran rendah, bandung merupakan dataran tinggi</li>
<li>Perjalanan Jakarta ke Bandung melewati daerah yang bergelombang (perbukitan)</li>
</ul>
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<b>f. Konsep Aglomerasi </b>adalah suatu fenomena yang mengelompokkan menjadi satu bentuk atau struktur. Konsep aglomerasi merupakan kecenderungan pengelompokan suatu gejala yang terkait dengan aktivitas manusia. Konsep aglomerasi mengelompokkan pusat kawasan pemukiman, industri, dan pusat perdagangan. Contoh konsep aglomerasi adalah sebagai berikut..<br /><ul>
<li>Di kota terjadi pemusatan yang penduduknya menurut status sosial dan ekonomi dengan kawasan slum area, menengah ke atas, dan kawasan elit. </li>
<li>Pasar senen, pasar minggu, pasar rebo merupakan pengelompokan tempat berjualan berdasarkan hari pasaran </li>
<li>Kawasan industri cakung</li>
<li>Daerah perkantoran thamrin </li>
<li>Adanya kegiatan industri yang berpusat di kawasan seperti Tangerang, Jababeka, dan Pulogebang. </li>
</ul>
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<b>g. Konsep Nilai Kegunaan </b>adalah konsep yang berkaitan dengan nilai guna suatu wilayah yang dikembangkan menjadi potensi yang menunjang perkembangna suatu wilayah. Contoh konsep nilai kegunaan adalah sebagai berikut..<br /><ul>
<li>Daerah kalimantan sangat banyak hutan bisa dikembangkan untuk pertanian</li>
<li>Di bandung memiliki daerah puncak yang sejuk dan adek cocok untuk berwisata</li>
<li>Pantai mempunyai nilai kegunaan yang tinggi misalnya sebagai tempat rekreasi bagi masyarakat kota yang hidup dalam keramaian, kebisingan, dan kesibukan</li>
<li>Kawasan kars (perbukitan kapur) misalnya Gunung kidul dan Wonosari memiliki banyak goa dan sumber mata air yang digunakan untuk objk wisata alam. </li>
<li>Pulau madura sangat cocok dijadikan sebagai kawasan tambak garam karena lokasi geografisnya, tetapi tidak cocok sebagai lahan pertanian karena tanah yang tidak subur dan panas.</li>
</ul>
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<b>h. Konsep Interaksi Interdependensi</b> adalah konsep yang menunjukkan keterkaitan dan ketergantungan satu daerah dengan daerah lain yang saling memenuhi kebutuhannya. Contoh konsep interaksi interdependensi adalah sebagai berikut...<br /><ul>
<li>Perbedaan kondisi antara daerah pedesaan, dan perkotaan yang berinteraksi dengan penyaluran kebutuhan pangan, arus urbanisasi maupun alih teknologi</li>
<li>Sukabumi memiliki taha yang subur cocok untuk daerah pertanian </li>
<li>Desa sebagai pemasok tenaga kerja dan kota merupakan pemasok bahan produksi untuk desa </li>
<li>Brebes merupakan daerah yang tanaman bawangnya tumbuh subur dan kemudian diangkut ke jakarta untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat kota. </li>
</ul>
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<b>i. Konsep Diferensiasi Area </b>adalah konsep yang membandingkan dua wilayah untuk menunjukkan mengenai ada tidaknya perbedaan antara satu wilayah dengan wilayah lain karena setiap wilayah memiliki ciri khas masing-masing. Contoh konsep diferensiasi area adalah sebagai berikut..<br /><ul>
<li>Pakaian yang warnanya putih cocok digunakan di siang hari dan saat terik</li>
<li>Daerah laut penduduknya bermata pencaharian nelayan</li>
<li>Di daerah pantai, penduduknya memiliki mata pencaharian sebagai nelayan, sedangkan daerah pegunungan penduduknya bermata pencaharian sebagai petani </li>
<li>Sulawesi memiliki bentuk rumah mirip panggung, sedangkan di jawa aslinya tidak berbentuk panggung. </li>
<li>Pakaian dengan bahan katun cocok didaerah panas misalnya jakarta, sedangkan pakaian berbahan woll cocok di daerah dingin</li>
</ul>
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<b>j. Konsep Keterkaitan Keruangan </b>adalah konsep yang menunjukkan tingkat hubungan antara wilayah dan mendorong terjadinya interkasi sebab akibat. Contoh konsep keterkaitan keruangan adalah sebagai berikut<br /><ul>
<li>Hubungan antara daerah kapur dengan kesulitan air</li>
<li>Hubungan antara kemiringan lereng suatu wilayah dengan ketebalan lapisan tanah</li>
<li>Kabut asap meliputi malaysia akibat dari pembakaran hutan riau</li>
<li>Jakarta banjir akibat dari kiriman bogor</li>
<li>Tata bicara pak ruhut lebih galak, tegas, dan keras berbeda dengan tata bicara pak joko yang berasal dari solo yang lemah lembut dan sopan</li>
</ul>
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<b>Pendekatan Geografi </b></h3>
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<b>Pendekatan-Pendekatan Geografi - </b>Pendekatan dalam kajian geografi terdiri dari 3 macam antara lain sebagai berikut..<br /><b>a. Pendekatan Keruangan, </b>adalah upaya mengkaji persamaandari perbedaan fenomena geosfer dalam ruang. Dalam pendekatan keruangan menjadi perhatian adalah persebaran penggunaan ruang dan penyediaan ruang yang dimanfaatkan. Contoh penggunaan pendekatan keruangan adalah perencanaan pembukaan lahan untuk daerah pemukiman yang baru. Maka yang diperhatikan adalah segala aspek yang berkolerasi terhadap wilayah yang akan digunakan tersebut. Contohnya adalah morfologi, yang berkaitan dengan banjir, longsor, dan hal tanah, mengenai hal tersebut, perlu diperhatikan karena keadaan fisik lokasi dapat mempengaruhi tingkat adaptasi manusia yang akan menematinya. Ciri khas dari pendekatan keruangan yang membedekan ilmu geografi lainnya yang dapat ditinjau dari tiga aspek antara lain sebagai berikut...<br /><ul>
<li>Analisis pendekatan topik, adalah menghubungkan suatu kejadian dengan tema-tema utama dalam permasalahan tersebut. Contoh persamaan glokal adalah suatu fenomena geografi yang terjadi terhadap suatu ruang. Gejala tersebut diakibatkan dari kegiatan-kegiatan manusia dalam menambah tingkat polutan dalam udara sehingga berpengaruh terhadap perubahan komposisi penyusun atmosfer. </li>
<li>Analisis pendekatan aktivitas manusia, yaitu menggambarkan atau mendekskripsikan aktivitas manusia dalam ruang. Kehidupan manusia dimanapun ruang dan tempatnya maka akan beradaptasi dan menyesuaikan dengan kondisi ruang. Pada ruangan pantai maka aktivitas manusia sebagai nelayan, tambak udang, garam atau industri berat. </li>
<li>Analisis pendekatan wilayah, adalah bahwa persebaran fenomena geografi persebarannya tidak merata, sehingga setiap wilayah mempunyai karateristik, kelebihan dibandingkan dengan wilayah lain, sehingga di wilayah yang berbeda maka tentu saja akan memiliki karateristik yang berbeda. </li>
</ul>
<b>b. Pendekatan Ekologi (Kelingkungan), </b>adalah pendekatan dalam mengkaji fenomena geosfer yang terkhusus kepada interaksi antara organisme hidup dan lingkungannya, termasuk pada organisme hidup yang lain. Dalam organisme hidup, manusia menjadi satu komponen penting dalam proses interaksi. Oleh karena itu, muncul istilah ekologi manusia (<i>huAman ecologi</i>) yang mempelajari interaksi antar manusia serta antara manusia dengan lingkungannya. Aktivitas manusia erat kaitannya denan interaksi dalam ruang khususnya terhadap lingkungannya dengan berbagai tahapan antara lain sebagai berikut..<br /><ul>
<li><b>Manusia bergantung terhadap alam (<i>Fisis Determinisme</i>)</b>. Manusia yang belum memiliki kebudayaan yang cukup sehingga memerlukan pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup manusia yang dipenuhi dari pada di alam dan lingkungannya (hanya sebagai pengguna alam). Sehingga alam tidak menyediakan kebutuhannya yang akan pindah atau mungkin akan punah (kehidupan jaman purba). </li>
<li><b>Manusia dan alam saling mempengaruhi. </b>Manusia memanfaatkan alam yang berlebihan dan tidak memperhatikan kemampuan alamnya, sehingga lingkungan alam rusak dan berakibat juga pengaruhnya terhadap manusia. Manusia telah mampu mengurangi ketergantungan dari alam tetapi manusia juga membutuhkan alam. <b> </b></li>
<li><b>Manusia Menguasai Alam. </b>Dengan berkembangnya ilmu, kemampuan, dan budayanya, manusia dapat memanfaatkan alam sebesar-besarnya. Contohnya dengan membuat mesin-mesin untuk eksploitasi alam sebesar-besarnya. Jika alam sudah tidak mampu lagi maka mesin tersebut memproduksi bahan-bahan sintetis yagn tidak bisa dibuat alam. </li>
</ul>
<b>c. Pendekatan Kompleks Wilayah (Regional) </b>adalah pendekatan yang mengkaji fenomena geografi yang terdi di setiap wilayah yang berbeda-beda, sehingga perbedaan membentuk karateristik wilayah. Perbedaan tersebut mengakibatkan adanya interaksi wilayah dengan wilayah lain yang saling memenuhi kebutuhannya yang semakin tinggi perbedaannya maka interaksi dengan wilayah lainnya semakin tinggi. </div>
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<b>Aspek-Aspek Geografi </b></h3>
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<b>Aspek-Aspek Geografi - </b>Geografi memiliki kajian dengan ruang lingkup yang luas sehingga banyak disiplin ilmu yang berkaitan dengan geografi. Hubungan geografi dengan disiplin ilmu dapat dibedakan dalam beberapa aspek antara lain sebagai berikut.. </div>
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<b>a. Aspek Fisik</b>, adalah aspek yang mengkaji segala fenomena geosfer yang memengaruhi keberlangsungan hidup manusia. Aspek fisik seperti aspek astronomis, kimiawi, biologis dan semua fenomena alam yang langsung dapat diamati. </div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Aspek Topologi, </b>adalah aspek yang membahas letak atau lokasi suatu wilayah, bentuk muka buminya, luas area dan batas-batas wilayah dengan ciri khas tertentu. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Aspek Biotik </b>adalah aspek yang membahas mengenai hal yang berkenaan terhadap unsur vegetasi (tumbuhan atau flora, dunia binatang (fauna) dan kajian penduduk. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Aspek Non Biotik</b> adalah aspek yang membahas unsur kondisi tanah, hidrologi (tata air) baik perairan darat maupun luat dan kondisi iklim suatu wilayah.  </li>
</ul>
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<b>b. Aspek Sosial</b> adalah aspek yang mengkaji hubungan manusia dengan fenomena geosfer. Aspek sosial meliputi dari aspek politik, antropologis, ekonomis dan apske berhubungan dengan pola hidup manusia (kebudayaan). Aspek sosial, manusia dipandang sebagai fokus utama kajian geografi dengan memperhatikan pola penyebaran manusia dalam ruang dan hubungan perilaku manusia terhadap lingkungannya. Macam-macam aspek yang dibahas dalam aspek sosial adalah sebagai berikut..</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Aspek Sosial, </b>adalah aspek yang membahas mengenai unsur tradisi, adat-istiadat, komunitas, kelompok masyarakat dan lembaga-lembaga sosial. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Aspek Ekonomi, </b>adalah aspek yang membahas mengenai unsur pertanian, perkebunan, pertambangan, perikanan, industri, perdagangan, transportasi dan pasar. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Aspek Budaya, </b>adalah aspek yang membahas mengenai unsur pendidikan, agama, bahasa dan kesenian. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Aspek Politik, </b>adalah aspek yang membahas mengenai unsur kepemrintahan yang terjadi dalam kehidupan di masyarakat. </li>
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<b>Objek Geografi</b></h3>
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<b>Objel-Objek Geografi - </b>Objek geografi pada dasarnya dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu sebagai berikut...</div>
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<b>a. Objek Material, </b>adalah objek yang mengkaji segala fenomena geosfer baik fisik maupun sosial. Objek material fisik meliputi iklim, tanah, dan air, sedangkan objek studi material sosial adalah persebaran penduduk, mobilitas penduduk, dan pola pemukiman. Objek studi geografi pada objek material terdiri dari lapisan-lapisan bumi atau tepatnya fenomena geosfer yang cukup luas yakni sebagai berikut... </div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Atmosfer yaitu lapisan udara; cuaca dan iklim dalam klimatologi dan meteorologi, dll. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Lithoser, ialah lapisan batu-batuan yang dikaji dalam Geologi, Geomorfologi, Petrografi, dll. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Hydrosfer, adalah lapisan air yang meliputi perairan di darat maupun di laut yang dikaji dalam hidrologi dan Oceanografi, dll. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Biosfer, adalah lapisan kehidupan; flora dan fauna yang dikaji dalam biogeografi, biologi dll. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Antroposfer, ialah lapisan manusia yang merupakan tema sentral diantara lapisan-lapisan lainya.</li>
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Jadi dalam mengkaji objek studi geografi membutuhkan disiplin ilmu dari klimatologi, geologi, hydrologi dan sebagainya atau geografi berkaitan dengan ilmu-ilmu lain. </div>
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<b>b. Objek Formal, </b>adalah sudut pandang atau cara berfikir mengenai gejala geosfer sebagai objek material geografi. baik fisik maupun sosial. Objek formal merupakan metode atau pendekatan objek formal geografi yang meliputi beberapa macam aspek antara lain sebagai berikut.. </div>
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<li><b>Aspek Keruangan, </b>adalah geografi yang mempelajari suatu wilayah antara lain dari segi nilai suatu tempat dari berbagai kepentingan. Dari hal ini kita dapat mempelajari mengenai letak, jarak, keterjangkauan dsb. </li>
<li><b>Aspek Kelingkungan, </b>adalah geografi yang mempelajari suatu tempat dalam kaitan dengan keadaan suatu tempat dan komponen-komponen di dalamnya dalam suatu kesatuan wilayah. Komponen-komponen yang terdiri dari komponen tak hidup misalnya tanah, air, iklim, dsb, dan komponen hidup misalnya hewan, tumbuhan dan manusia.</li>
<li><b>Aspek Kewilayahan</b>, adalah geografi yang mempelajari kesamaan dan perbedaan wilayah serta wilayah dengan ciri khas. Mengenai hal tersebut muncul pewilayahan atau regionalisasi seperti kawasan gurun, yakni daerah-daerah yang memiliki ciri-ciri serupa sebagai gurun. </li>
<li><b>Apek Waktu, </b>adalah geografi yang mempelajari perkembangan wilayah berdasarkan priode-priode waktu atau perkembangan dan perubahan dari waktu ke waktu. Misalnya perkembangan kota dari tahun ke tahun, kemunduran garis pantai dari waktu ke waktu dsb. </li>
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<b>Prinsip Geografi </b></h3>
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<b>Prinsip-Prinsip Geografi -</b> Geografi terdapat 4 prinsip utama dalam menganalisis geogsfer. Macam-macam prinsip geografi tersebut adalah sebagai berikut... </div>
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<b>a. Prinsip Distribusi (Penyebaran/persebaran): </b>Pengertian prinsip persebaran adalah persebaran mengenai bentang alam di permukaan bumi yang tidak merata sehingga setiap wilayah berbeda dengan satu sama lain. <b>Contoh prinsip persebaran</b> adalah sebagai berikut...</div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Persebaran jumlah transmigran di Indonesia tidak merata, terdapat wilayah yang jumlahnya besar dibandingkan dengan yang lain sesuai dengan luar wilayahnya. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Penduduk di daerah suburnya biasanya membuat pemukiman yang mengelompok, sedangkan penduduk kopi di daerah pegunungan membuat pemukiman yang tersebar, alasannya (dapat dikaji dalam prinsip sebab akibat (interelasi), prinsip penggambaran (deskripsi), dan prinsip gabungan (korelasi). </li>
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<b>b. Prinsip Interelasi (Sebab Akibat): </b>Pengertian prinsip interelasi adalah fenomena geosfer yang satu mempunyai hubungan dengan fenomena geosfer yang lain, gejala yang satu berkaitan dari gejala yang lainnya. <b>Contoh prinsip interelasi</b> adalah sebagai berikut...<br /><ul>
<li>Sebagian besar dari penduduk desa memiliki pencaharian sebagai petani karena masih terdapat lahan yang dapat digarap </li>
<li>Banji yang ada di kota jakarta biasanya diakibatkan oleh perilaku penduduk yang tidak memperdulikan lingkungannya. </li>
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<b>c. Prinsip Deskripsi (penggambaran): </b>Pengertian prinsip deskripsi adalah untuk menggambarkan fenomena geosfer yang memerlukan deskripsi dengan melalui tulisan, tabel, gambar, atau grafik. <b>Contoh prinsip deskripsi</b> adalah sebagai berikut...<br /><ul>
<li>Peta persebaran lempeng tektonik di dunia</li>
</ul>
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<b>d. Prinsip Korologi (gabungan): </b>Pengertian prinsip korologi adalah prinsip yang menganalisis suatu wilayah berdasarkan dari ketiga prinsip sebelumnya maka suatu wilayah akan memiliki karakteristik tertentu. <b>Contoh prinsip korologi</b> adalah sebagai berikut...<br /><ul>
<li>Suhu udara di perkotaan lebih tinggi daripada di pedesaan. Hal ini disebabkan salah satunya karena banyaknya sinar matahari yang dipantulkan oleh bangunan-bangunan yang  ada di perkotaan.</li>
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<b>Baca Juga: </b><br /><b><a href="http://www.artikelsiana.com/2014/10/bentuk-bentuk-gunung-api-Ciri-cirinya-proses.html" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bentuk-Bentuk Gunung Api dan Ciri-Cirinya</a></b><br /><b><a href="http://www.artikelsiana.com/2014/10/manfaat-kerugian-gunung-api-meletus.html" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Manfaat dan Kerugian Gunung Api</a></b><br /><b><a href="http://www.artikelsiana.com/2014/10/pengertian-erosi-macam-macam-erosi.html" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pengertian Erosi dan Macam-Macam Erosi</a></b><br /><b><a href="http://www.artikelsiana.com/2014/10/pengertian-sedimentasi-macam-macam-sedimentasi.html" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pengertian Sedimentasi dan Macam-Macam Sedimentasi</a></b><br /><b><a href="http://www.artikelsiana.com/2014/10/jenis-jenis-atlas-unsur-unsur-atlas-macam-macam.html" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Jenis-Jenis Atlas dan Unsur-Unsur Atlas</a> </b><br /><b><br /></b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaKgU4sA4wg3qhoHMjAblgFmSZyjCINLGUA1FqpIwknpFz3H9SrfdEc5gfJmI9NDF_hh9Usl3Zvvc9XAcTmeDQFx9wL6XX7Bo4ASi-iuqYIB_xeIdhcnkCzSImvICRA6prsWLXu25kRMaH/s1600/geografi.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #2560aa; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Pengertian Geografi, Prinsip, & Definisi Para Ahli" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaKgU4sA4wg3qhoHMjAblgFmSZyjCINLGUA1FqpIwknpFz3H9SrfdEc5gfJmI9NDF_hh9Usl3Zvvc9XAcTmeDQFx9wL6XX7Bo4ASi-iuqYIB_xeIdhcnkCzSImvICRA6prsWLXu25kRMaH/s1600/geografi.png" style="max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="Pengertian Geografi, Prinsip, & Definisi Para Ahli" /></a></div>
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Pengertian Geografi, Konsep, Pendekatan, Aspek, Objek & Prinsip

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Bab 1 SMA/MA Kelas X Tentang 2DIMENSI&3DIMENSI (SENI BUDAYA)

Bab 1 SMA/MA Kelas X Tentang GEOGRAFI (GEOGRAFI)

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